Nanotechnology Now - Press Release: University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, research: Ultrafast pulses shed light on photochemical processes

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Momentum images of the N+ fragment ions produced by dissociation ionization starting from (a) the X2Π state and (b) the A2Σ+ state in few-cycle intense laser fields (8 fs, 1.1 × 1014 W=cm2). Symmetries with respect to the x and y axis are utilized to reduce the statistical uncertainty. The probe near-infrared laser polarization direction is denoted with ε. (c),(d) Polar plots of the fragment angular distributions obtained for the X2Π and A2Σ+ initial states, respectively. The distributions are evaluated on the c3Π dissociation pathway. Solid lines are theoretical tunnelling ionization yields calculated by weak-field asymptotic theory under the adiabatic approximation.

Abstract:
Tunnelling ionization studies by researchers in Japan and Russia show changes in electron distributions between ground- and excited-state in laser tunnelling ionization of molecules.

University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, research: Ultrafast pulses shed light on photochemical processes

Tokyo, Japan | Posted on May 10th, 2016

The change in electronic distributions in molecules as they are photoexcited can offer useful insights for photochemistry. Studying the position and momentum of molecular fragments after ionization by “tunnelling” in an intense laser field can provide a means of mapping these electron distributions, but excited state molecules can be awkward to probe in this way. Now a collaboration of researchers at Nagoya University, The Open University of Japan, the University of Electro-communications, Tokyo (UEC, Tokyo), and the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, has successfully applied the approach to excited states of nitrogen oxide (NO).

The researchers, including Toru Morishita at UEC, Tokyo, observed a change in the peak of the momentum of N+ fragments depending on the initial state: 45° with respect to the polarization of the laser beam when probed in the ground state and 0° for the excited states. The researchers compared the results with weak-field asymptotic theory, which was established by the Morishita Group, and noted “excellent agreement for both the ground and excited states”.

The main difficulty in probing the electron distribution of excited state molecules in this way is the diminished tunnelling potential. As a result multiphoton processes are more likely to contribute to ionization. The researchers probed the mechanism at work by altering the polarization of the laser field. A linearly polarised field sends the electron towards and an electron impact process causes the excited ionized state. For more circularly polarised fields, the electron trajectory shifts away from the nucleus so that fragment yields decrease, as observed.

In their report of the results the researchers conclude, “The present study provides a deeper understanding of laser tunnelling ionization of molecules, a key step of important applications such as high-order harmonics generation and self-electron diffraction, and paves the way for real-time visualization of electron dynamics in chemical reactions.”

Background

Highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)

The electrons orbiting a nucleus occupy different discrete energy levels. The number of electrons that can occupy each level is limited so that once the lowest level is filled electrons will occupy the level above. The electrons furthest from the nucleus are described as the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and this orbital is particularly important for photochemistry.

The distribution of the electron cloud orbiting around a nucleus has a different shape for different orbitals, energy levels and occupancies. Excitation of an electron in an atom or a molecule changes the electronic distribution.

The electronic configuration of NO in the ground state is 1σ22σ23σ24σ25σ21π42π13sσ0, where the Greek symbols denote sigma and pi electron orbitals, the numbers preceding them the energy level and the superscripts the occupancy. When NO is photoexcited, an electron moves from 2π to 3sσ to give the configuration 1σ22σ23σ24σ25σ21π42π03sσ1.

Tunnelling ionization

Tunnelling is a quantum mechanical process that allows a system to overcome/penetrate an energy barrier. When exposed to an intense polarised laser field, a molecule can ionize through tunnelling and the HOMO electronic distribution with respect to the polarisation of the laser reflects the likelihood of ionization. This has been used to study spatially aligned or oriented molecules such as N2, O2, CO2 and OCS.

In the current study the researchers used the position and momentum of expelled ionized fragments with respect to the laser polarisation to map the electronic distribution for the randomly aligned NO molecule. The ionization energy for NO from the excited state is 3.8 eV, far lower than the energy peaks measured in the study. Tunnelling ionization processes cause the molecule to dissociate into N+ and O.

The timescale of the dissociation in ionization is much shorter than the rotational periods of NO so the plots can be understood to represent the molecular-axis distributions after ionization.

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About University of Electro-Communications
The University of Electro-Communications (UEC) in Tokyo is a small, luminous university at the forefront of applied sciences, engineering, and technology research. Its roots go back to the Technical Institute for Wireless Commutations, which was established in 1918 by the Wireless Association to train so-called wireless engineers in maritime communications in response to the Titanic disaster in 1912. In 1949, the UEC was established as a national university by the Japanese Ministry of Education, and moved in 1957 from Meguro to its current Chofu campus Tokyo.

With approximately 4,000 students and 350 faculty, UEC is regarded as a small university, but with particular expertise in wireless communications, laser science, robotics, informatics, and material science, to name just a few areas of research.

The UEC was selected for the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) Program for Promoting the Enhancement of Research Universities as a result of its strengths in three main areas: optics and photonics research, where we are number one for the number of joint publications with foreign researchers; wireless communications, which reflects our roots; and materials-based research, particularly on fuel cells.

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Contacts:
International Public Relations
The University of Electro-Communications
1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585

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